What every MD, immunologist, virologist and epidemiologist should know about vitamin D and the immune system

Contents

#00-links

Links to the crucial research articles

#01-mds

All MDs, immunologists etc. need to know:

• 50ng/ml 125nmol/L or more circulating 25OHD is needed for proper immune function: Call to D*Action 48 MDs and researchers have, since 2008, been calling for 40 to 60ng/ml 25-hydroxyvitamin D to be recognised as a healthy level https://www.grassrootshealth.net/project/our-scientists/ - while by conventional standards this is 20 or 30ng/ml.
  
  Research by Quraishi et al. 2014  fully justified this by showing that less than 50ng/ml 25-hydroxyvitamin D leads to much greater risk of infections due to weakened innate and adaptive responses: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/02-intracrine/#04-quraishi (Fig 1 below #fig01). 50ng/ml is 1 part in 20,000,000 by mass.  125nmol/L is the same concentration, but measured by number of molecules per litre: 1.25 x 10^-7 mols [WP]. 
  
  
• Immune cells need - and consume - 25OHD for autocrine (inside each cell) and paracrine (to nearby cells) signaling so each cell can respond to its changing circumstances.  Virtually no-one, including many vitamin D aware MDs, understands vitamin D based autocrine and paracrine signaling.  There being no good explanatory article, I made a tutorial: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/02-autocrine/ based on diagrams from Martin Hewison (homepage) and colleagues who did much of the research on this in the late 2000s and early 2010s.
  
  
• The immune system's need for 50ng/ml or more 25OHD is unrelated to the one hormonal function of the three vitamin D compounds.  Some MDs think of hormonal (in the bloodstream) 1,25OHD affecting immune cells - but they are not affected by this level.  This situation is not helped by the sloppy scholarship and writing of many vitamin D researchers, who are prone to making statements like "vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone", as if this gives the three compounds some much-needed gravitas.   (In the one article is is common to find the term "vitamin D" used in confusing and contradictory ways, such as to refer to the three compounds, specifically to D3, or as a general term for one of the compounds when it would be much better to refer to the compound specifically.)
  
  This misconception about hormones makes many MDs overly-wary about proper D3 intake levels.   Since I can't find an article which explains this clearly: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/02-intracrine/#02-nothorm .
  
  
• A common form of these misconceptions about the vitamin D compounds is to state that "vitamin D is an immunomodulatory compound/hormone".  While 1,25OHD does activate VDR in individual immune cells - and so alter cell behaviour decisively - at times when that cell's autocrine signaling system is activated, or as a result of paracrine signaling, these are cell-level events.  This autocrine/paracrine 1,25OHD is not a hormone.  Many people think that because the immune system works better with higher intakes of D3, resulting in higher circulating levels of 25OHD, that circulating 25OHD acts as an immunomodulator.  It does not.  The immune cells work better when they get their proper 25OHD supplies.
  
  
• #calcifediol-not-calcitriol  A related misunderstanding is to think that immune cells need high levels of extra-cellular, hormonal, 1,25OHD (AKA calcitriol and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D).  This leads some MDs to the clinical mistake of using oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) to treat people whose immune system is not working properly due to low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcifediol) levels (which is the case for almost all people in the absence or several months of proper D3 supplementation, or plenty of UV-B skin exposure in the last month or so).
  
  Ingesting calcitriol (or administering it intravenously or as an IM injection) does nothing to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to the 50ng/ml all immune cells need.  David E. Leaf et al. tried using oral calcitriol with sepsis patients in 2014 and observed no benefits.  In early September 2021 the critical care doctors who lead the world in COVID-19 early and hospital treatment: https://covid19criticalcare.com/covid-19-protocols/i-mask-plus-protocol/ recommended oral calcitriol in place of 0.125mg 5000IU D3 a day for early treatment.  The best treatment is #calcif below, or failing that, bolus D3.  5000IU/day D3 takes months to attain the required  50ng/ml 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
  
  
• Inadequate 25OHD doesn't just weaken direct innate and adaptive responses, it causes dysregulated, hyper-inflammatory, immune responses, which drive sepsis, severe COVID-19, KD, MIS-C etc. 
  
  For instance, inadequate 25OHD prevents Th1 lymphocytes from switching to their anti-inflammatory shutdown program.  So inadequate 25OHD is the primary direct cause of the cytokine storm destruction of the pulmonary endothelium which triggers the hypercoagulative blood of severe COVID-19.   This is elucidated in molecular detail by  Chauss et al. 2021, which I regard as the most important article of all concerning the etiology of COVID-19, sepsis, Kawasaki disease, MIS etc. 
  
  

  Autocrine vitamin D signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of Th1 cells Daniel Chauss, Tilo Freiwald, Reuben McGregor, Bingyu Yan, Luopin Wang, Estefania Nova-Lamperti, Dhaneshwar Kumar, Zonghao Zhang, Heather Teague, Erin E. West, Kevin M. Vannella1, Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez, Jack Bibby, Audrey Kelly1, Amna Malik1, Alexandra F. Freeman, Daniella M. Schwartz, Didier Portilla1, Daniel S. Chertow, Susan John, Paul Lavender, Claudia Kemper, Giovanna Lombardi, Nehal N. Mehta, Nichola Cooper1, Michail S. Lionakis, Arian Laurence, Majid Kazemian and Behdad Afzali Nature Immunology 2021-11-11 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01080-3

  
  This article is little known but needs to be very widely understood.  It is probably beyond the ability - or at least patience - of most MDs to read and understand.  Please see my summary of the preprint on which is is based: https://aminotheory.com/cv19/icu/#2020-McGregor .  
  
  
• COVID-19 severity risks increase as 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels fall below ~50ng/ml: Vanegas-Cedillo et al.: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.12.21253490v2  (Fig 2 below #fig02.).
  
  
• In the Cordoba calcifediol RCT, Castillo et al.'s single oral dose of 0.532mg calcifediol for hospitalised COVID-19 patients reduced ICU admissions from 50% to 2% and deaths from 8% to zero.  https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#2020-Castillo  This was around 0.007mg calcifediol / kg bodyweight.
  
  A statistical analysis: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.20222638v2 found that the significance of the death results was low, with a p value of 0.11, but that the significance of the ICU admission rate reduction was very high : p = 0.000000077.
  

  #calcif

• A single oral dose of 0.014mg / kg bodyweight calcifediol repletes 25OHD in 4 hours: https://nutritionmatters.substack.com/p/calcifediol-25-hydroxyvitamin-d-or,   https://vitamindstopscovid.info/04-calcifediol/ and Prof. Sunil Wimalawansa MD 2021 0.014mg calcifediol single dose-Sunil-Wimalawansa and mis-activity-6815294839769436160-99qJ/ .  All people suffering from or at risk of sepsis etc. KD, MIS, and especially severe COVID-19, need to be treated with this ASAP. 
  
  Ideally every one of the million or so a day newly diagnosed COVID-19 people who have low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels would be treated with this immediately, and then supported with D3 indefinitely thereafter to maintain the good levels.  This would enable most of them clear the infection quickly, so very few would need hospital care.  (It would be better if they had been supplementing D3 properly for months before - then they would tackle the infection quickly without extra interventions.)
  
  This should be combined with early treatments listed above, including ivermectin: https://ivmmeta.com and https://covid19criticalcare.com/ivermectin-in-covid-19/ .  (I plan a proper page on the numerous early treatments which should be available to all those newly diagnosed with COVID-19.)
  
  
• Virtually no pediatricians know that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D causes the extreme inflammatory immune dysregulation disorders Kawasaki disease and so Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, despite Stagi et al. 2015 reporting very low levels in KD children: https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s10067-015-2970-6 and https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#2015-Stagi .  The patients were 21 girls and 58 boys, average age 5.8 years.  Their average 25OHD levels were 9.2ng/ml, while age-matched controls averaged 23.3ng/ml.  The children who developed coronary artery abnormalities and average 25OHD levels of  4.9ng/ml.
  
  This grave lack of knowledge means infants, children and adolescents are suffering, being harmed and dying when they could easily be put on track for rapid recovery with a single oral dose of 0.014mg / kg bodyweight calcifediol  #calcif.  KD children are frequently obese and/or have melanin-rich skin.  KD is partly seasonal - a strong clue it is driven by low 25OHD levels - and is triggered by COVID-19 as well as numerous other viral and bacterial infections. 
  
  MIS is much the same as KD - a somewhat different set of vasculitis symptoms in older children and adolescents.  Numerous lines of evidence point to low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels being the primary, easily correctable, causative factor of these and the other inflammatory dysregulation disorders mentioned here.
  
  
• The role of low 25OHD in sepsis is better known (Google Scholar) but it seems no-one has thought to use calcifediol in these extreme immune dysregulation emergencies.  Adults and children die all over because of sepsis - it is one of the world's greatest killers.  The Global Burden of Disease Study people estimate that about 19.7% of all deaths are due to sepsis.
  
  I read of a child surviving sepsis after both her arms and legs were amputated.  Doctors should know that a single oral dose of 0.014 mg calcifediol will have these children and adults recovering within hours. #calcif
  
  Severe COVID-19 resembles sepsis: Reyes et al. 2021: https://stm.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/06/04/scitranslmed.abe9599 .
  
  Han et al. 2016 gave 12.5mg 500,000IU D3 over 5 days to ventilated ICU patients (average baseline 25OHD 20ng/ml) and reduced average length of hospital stay from 36 days to 18.  Half the dose reduced the length of stay to an average of 25 days.  Together, these results are p = 0.03.
  
  
• Where's the RCT for calcifediol and sepsis an MD might ask?  There is none.  Likewise for KD and MIS. 
  
  These people are dying due to lack of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, so for heavens' sake give them the 1mg or whatever it is they need of calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin = 25OHD) orally, immediately.  There's no need for a 25OHD test.  This single dose can't cause toxicity.  Calcifediol is a nutrient, not a hormone or drug.  The molecules in the tablet or capsule go into straight circulation without relying on conversion in the liver as is required for D3. Then the person's immune system will generally work well - probably for the first time in their lives. 
  
  Who in their right mind would conduct an RCT about this, knowingly preventing the control group from being treated?  MDs who pride themselves in not changing their clinical decisions without one or more large, multicentre RCTs, in this instance, are harming and killing people by withholding this simple, safe treatment and/or by pressuring other MDs into conducting the placebo-controlled RCTs which will supposedly change their mind.  It is not a virtue to be so resistant to important, new, information.  This is chemically, biologically and ethically really straightforward. 
  
  
• My best effort at deriving D3 intakes as a ratio of bodyweight, with higher ratios for people suffering from obesity, from the work of Ekwaru et al. 2014 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111265 as cited in my page https://vitamindstopscovid.info/01-supp/a-ratios/ ,  This page also cites two other ratio-based systems from Iranian MDs in Dubai and from Grassroots Health.  Fig 4 #fig04.
  
  One of the failings of the vitamin D research literature is that there is no peer-reviewed review article making the necessarily different bodyweight ratio D3 supplemental intake recommendations for normal and overweight people (one ratio or set of lower and upper ratios) with a second ratio or pair of ratios for people suffering from obesity.  The excess adipocytes of obesity absorb D3 and 25OHD without returning much of it to circulation.  Obesity is a serious comorbid condition for COVID-19 - ectopic adipocytes in the alveolar tissue and other locations, with ACE-2 receptors, generating pro-inflammatory cytokines: https://aminotheory.com/cv19/obesity/ .
  

  #seas

• The seasonality of sepsis (Google Scholar) and KD (Google Scholar) is primarily due to seasonal changes in 25OHD levels.  It is also due to seasonal changes in viral and other pathogens causing serious disease, which is primarily due to 25OHD levels as well.   The seasonality of COVID-19 exhibits a similar pattern, but is overlaid by emerging variants, the impacts of lockdowns etc.
  
  (2022-05-21 update, see also: https://nutritionmatters.substack.com/p/covid-19-seasonality-is-primarily)
  
  The seasonality of infection by the viral pathogens is also affected by seasonal changes in 25OHD, but two other factors may play significant roles: Firstly, cold temperatures outside mean hot, dry air recirculating in buildings and vehicles, which increases viral transmission by allowing droplets to dry into bare viruses which remain airborne for hours.  Secondly, summer high elevation sunlight inactivates viruses in aerosols and fomites, in the middle of the day, but this is only outdoors, and most transmission occurs in vehicles or buildings.
  
  The same is true of COVID-19 seasonality (Fig 5 #fig05), at least at high latitudes, or near the equator due to monsoonal cloud blocking direct high-elevation sunlight for months:  the primary seasonal modulator of disease severity is 25OHD levels.  The primary modulator of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is 25OHD levels, by affecting infection severity and so the total number of viruses shed per infected person.  Variations in 25OHD levels also modulate the percentage of people who become infected due to any given viral insult, but this is probably a small consideration in the total transmission process compared to summer-autumn high vitamin D levels greatly reducing the average total number of viruses shed by each infected person. 
  
  In the UK, in late 2020, if new variants had not arrived, and if vitamin D levels in the population has been maintained at or above their August levels, the COVID-19 pandemic would have ended.   However, low winter vitamin D levels fired up the transmission again, and then the alpha variant out-performed the original variants, only to be out-performed by delta by the middle (summer) of 2021.
  
  
• If everyone, or most people, had at least 50ng/ml 125nmol/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D, then (assuming SARS-CoV-2 variants do not become vastly more effective than they are today, which is not assured https://vitamindstopscovid.info/#zahradnik) even without immunity from prior infection or from vaccination, most people will have a relatively short, and possibly asymptomatic infection, since their innate and adaptive immune systems will be working really well.  Furthermore, if the infection persists, they are unlikely to progress to severe COVID-19, because their Th1 lymphocytes and other regulatory cells will, in general, properly regulate inflammatory responses.
  
  Nonetheless, those with obesity, advanced years and other comorbidities would, on average, benefit from vaccination even if they were fully vitamin D replete and had access to a full range of early treatments. 
  
  
• So, there's a good chance that population-wide vitamin D repletion to 50ng/ml 25OHD would suppress COVID-19 transmission well below the rate required for widespread infection - and likewise greatly reduce the chance of severe symptoms for the few who are infected.  The same is true of influenza.  There would be little or no influenza all year round.  There would be no need for influenza vaccines.   Hopefully there would be no need for COVID-19 vaccines, lockdowns, social distancing or masks.
  
  In August 2021, it was reliably established that the mRNA and adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccines used in developed countries are incapable (at least in the current situation of no early treatment and generally terribly low 25OHD) of attaining herd immunity, no matter how many people are vaccinated.  See the transcript of Prof. Sir Andrew Pollard's statement on this at: https://nutritionmatters.substack.com/p/vitamin-d-and-early-treatment-vs .
  
  
• Now you know the above, you can see that it is unethical madness on a global scale to tackle COVID-19, or influenza, with just vaccines and/or lockdowns, while knowingly leaving the great majority of the population with seriously dysfunctional immune responses, due to the lack of circulating 25OHD.  
  
  Good 25OHD levels also produce better immune responses from vaccination, and presumably reduce the chance of adverse reactions which involve overly-inflammatory responses.
  

The reasons why most MDs have been so ignorant about these matters, and why many still actively resist learning new information such as this which they really need to know, is a vast and perplexing topic for another day.  Some MDs are up to speed and have been trying to raise awareness about vitamin D for years.

#02-graphs
Graphs and further links

Fig 1 Adapted directly (vector graphics, not me tracing curves) from:

Association Between Preoperative 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Hospital-Acquired Infections Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Sadeq A. Quraishi et al. JAMA Surg. 2014-02 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/1782085

Further discussion:

https://vitamindstopscovid.info/02-intracrine/#04-quraishi

Fig 2  COVID-19 severity risks by 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.  See https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#vc for links to the research articles.





Fig 3  The top graph is adapted from:

Daily oral dosing of vitamin D3 using 5000 TO 50,000 international units a day in long-term hospitalized patients: Insights from a seven year experience
Patrick J McCullough, Douglas S Lehrer and Jeffrey Amend.
Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2019-01-04
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076018306228 (Paywalled.)
https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.010

The bottom graph shows the desired rise in 25OHD levels, which takes about 3 months with daily 0.125mg 5000IU D3, being achieved in 4 hours with a single oral dose of 0.532mg calcifediol in healthy, presumably non-obese, adults.  This is from the Feas Farma patent for the same capsules as used by Castillo et al. 2020, who used the same single dose on day 1, followed by half this on days 3, 7, 14 etc.

Calcifediol soft capsules
Josep María SUÑÉ NEGRE, Ignacio Ortega Azpitarte, Pepa Del Arenal Barrios, Gonzalo HERNÁNDEZ HERRERO
WIPO WO 2016/124724 Al   2016-08-11
https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2016124724A1/

Fig 4  Adapted from Ekwaru et al. 2014: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/01-supp/a-ratios/




Fig 5 Seasonality of COVID-19 in the summer of 2020. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/healthcare  Historical 25OHD levels from BioBank: https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#2020-UK-vit-D-BAME. 





Fig 6 In the UK - where extraordinary efforts are made to sequence PCR-positive test swabs - the mid-2020 variants were overtaken by Alpha B.1.1.7 in December and Delta, with a halving time of 4 weeks at the end of May 2021, is being rapidly replaced by Delta B.1.617.2, doubling every 10 days, Fig 4b in Vöhringer et al. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257633v2 . 

WHO's variant naming scheme: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/

1,500+ lineages, some of which are considered variants, are listed below.




Fig 7 The halving prevalence of Alpha and the rapid doubling Delta rates are clearer in the work of Alex Selby: http://sonorouschocolate.com/covid19/index.php?title=Growth_in_Variant_of_Concern#Graphical_output

Delta is about 2.6 times as likely as Alpha to cause hospitalisation within 14 days of diagnosis, according to page 46 of bulletin 14 (2021-06-03) at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-novel-sars-cov-2-variant-variant-of-concern-20201201

Bulletin 15 attributes Delta's success partly to escaping vaccine-induced and infection-acquired immunity, but mainly to superior viral performance.

Average summer UK 25OHD levels (Fig 5 #fig05) for whites are barely half of the 50ng/ml 125nmol/L everyone needs for their immune systems to work properly.  People with melanin-rich skin have much lower levels and less of a boost in summer. 

Melanin-rich sin and/or full body clothing or at least sun-avoidant lifestyles, in the absence of proper D3 supplementation, result in very low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.  This is disastrously so for Muslim women in general, especially in countries far from the equator such as the UK.  Even in sunny Israel, most Muslim (Arabic ancestry) women have extremely low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. The median is probably 12ng/ml.




Fig 8 Population distributions of different 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for men and women in Israel, separated according to Arabic ancestry, ultra-orthodox Jewish faith and the rest of the population who are in neither of these groups.  These are year-round average figures.  Winter levels would be lower, so the overall curves traced by the peaks of each bar would be further to the left.  The data represented by these graphs is of the whole population, without regard to whether or not each person contracted COVID-19.  The higher bar on the far left of the Arabic women's set is higher than the one to the right, indicating that some women's levels fall into a range below the lower measurement limit, which is 4ng/ml 10nmol/L.  So their 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are 3ng/ml or so, 1/15th or less of what they need to be healthy.  Some of these women are giving birth and breastfeeding babies, who will therefore be building their bodies and brains with a terrible vitamin D deficiency - which can easily be fixed with D3 supplements, or more rapidly with calcifediol.  Other graphs from this article, and a link to it: https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#2020-Israel .

Tel Aviv is 32° from the equator.  Here are the latitudes of some other major cities: Houston 30°,  Sydney 34°, Melbourne 37°, New York  41°, Paris 49°, London 51° and Edinburgh 56°.

Even the main Israeli population, which is fair-skinned and not at all sun-avoidant, has median, year round, 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of only 23ng/ml or so, less than half of the 50ng/ml they need for their immune systems to work properly.  This is with some of them taking vitamin D supplements, generally at too low a level to reach 50ng/ml.

Many MDs, not knowing about the Quraishi et al. 2014 research, or the 2008 Call to D*Action
would be only somewhat concerned about the general Israeli 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels shown above, because they believe that 20ng/ml or perhaps 30ng/ml is the threshold of repletion.  However, the Quraishi et al. research shows the real level of repletion is at least 50ng/ml.

For 70kg adults 0.125mg 5000IU D3 per day will raise average levels to 50ng/ml or more (after a few months).  https://vitamindstopscovid.info/01-supp/   This is a gram every 22 years and D3 costs USD$2.50 a gram ex-factory.

It is unknown to what degree Delta or future variants would be suppressed (in terms of transmission and severity) if the great majority of people had at last 50ng/ml 25OHD.   However, it is obviously crazy to have the whole world tackling these variants when people's 25OHD levels are as low as they are today.  The only solution is supplementation. Sunshine is frequently not available, and causes DNA damage.  People with melanin-rich skin need a lot of high-elevation direct sunshine to make enough D3.   Food fortification is a scattergun approach which can never attain the required 25OHD levels.

With luck, this population-scale repletion will suppress current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants to the point of transmission rates too low to be a concern for most people, and with severe outcomes in only a few people.  

Prior immunity is not needed with good vitamin D levels, since most people's immune systems will deal with whatever variant they face, rapidly and effectively - especially if assisted by ivermectin and other early treatments.  Those without comorbidities who are infected will rarely suffer severe symptoms and will develop lasting, broad immunity (compared to that conferred by current vaccines).




Fig 9 Low 25OHD levels for white UK people and even lower levels for those with melanin rich skin.  Data from Sutherland et al. 2020: https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.019 .

#03-if
If MDs had, collectively, been doing their job properly with regards to vitamin D for the last decade or so . . .

MDs are supposed to be the ultimate authority on all matters concerning disease prevention and treatment.  (MDs insist they are this and that no-one else is qualified to be this.)  While the task is Herculean, it is ultimately the responsibility of MDs to achieve this, one way or another, including by selecting and supporting specialists to advise on particular aspects of health which, naturally, most MDs lack the time and expertise to fully investigate.

This works fine in many aspects of medicine, but for a variety of reasons - all of them bad - MDs have been extraordinarily resistant to learning the information listed above.   The D*Action MDs' and researchers' 40 to 60ng/ml recommendation should have been respected in 2008 and MDs should have worked to get everyone so supplement D3 to attain this.  The Quraishi et al. 2014 graph should have been stuck on the wall of every doctor's waiting room in the world.   Sepsis, Kawasaki disease, MIS, severe influenza, pneumonia and ARDS should all have been treated with calcifediol.

If MDs, collectively, had been doing their job with vitamin D as well as they do many other aspects of their work then there would be no COVID-19 pandemic:

They would have rejected the lousy 20ng/ml threshold of sufficiency advised by the Institute of Medicine in 2010 - which was explicitly only for the kidneys' needs for producing a very low level of hormonal 1,25OHD - despite of the advice of the D*Action team at Grassroots Health and others who wanted 40ng/ml to 60ng/ml to be the threshold, to enable the immune system to work properly.

They would have spotted the IOM's statistical blunder which set the D3 RDA at just 0.015mg 600IU/day, for the very low 20ng/ml target.  It took a few years for vitamin D researchers to spot this and estimate the RDA (for 97.5% of adults to attain this, is close to 0.175mg 7000IU/day. (Veuglers & Ekwaru 2014 linked to from https://vitamindstopscovid.info/01-supp/#iom .) 

They would have rejected the idea of an RDA due to the great variation in bodyweights for "adults", even in one country, let alone in all countries [WP], and instead devised recommended daily intakes of D3, as a ratio of bodyweight, so all people, from newborns (except those breastfed by replete moms) to the aged could, in general, attain safe > 50ng/ml 25OHD levels, without need for costly testing and medical advice and while generally avoiding the direct UV-B light which creates D3 in the skin, but which also damages DNA and so greatly raises the risk of skin cancer.

By 2020, most people could have been vitamin D replete.  It would take about a tonne of D3 a day for all of humanity, at a total ex-factory cost of around USD$1B a year - 13 US cents per person per year, plus the cost of making and distributing suitable weekly tablets or capsules.

Then there would be almost no influenza, sepsis, Kawasaki disease or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.  Auto-immune and inflammatory diseases would be significantly reduced - but see https://aminotheory.com/cv19/#helminthsgone for the other cause of these overly-aggressive immune responses, which is harder to fix and which is the subject of promising research.  I am working on another page here: https://vitamindstopscovid.info/06-adv/about the Coimbra and similar protocols for higher than normal 25OHD levels to suppress MS, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, IBD, Crohn's disease etc. - and the search for hypotheses which explain the underlying mechanisms.  I will soon add a discussion of research which shows that helminth infection reduces the risk of severe COVID-19 by about 75%: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00334-5/ .

SARS-CoV-2 would not have got very far, since most infected people would have minimal or no symptoms, and the total amount of virus shed, per such infected person, on average, would be too low, in general, to infect more than one person.

If MDs had been doing their job properly, in respect of ensuring everyone's immune system has the nutrients it needs for proper operation, they would have revised or replaced advisory bodies to get rid of big-pharma influence and those who think they have nothing to learn.  Then, in 2020 and following years, there would be no COVID-19 pandemic, or the multiple horrors it has spawned: social and economic devastation, government control, loss of freedom, inability to travel etc.

#04-cortico

Prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone and dexamethasone anti-inflammation drugs raise risk of possibly deadly fungal infections - and would be largely or completely unnecessary if 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were repleted in 4 hours with a small, single, oral, dose of calcifediol

#05-variants
Know the enemy: 1500+ SARS-CoV-2 lineages, some regarded as variants of interest or concern, in 17 months

(Previously, where I got the above  data:  https://cov-lineages.org/lineage_description_list.html .  This page on constellations of mutations is also interesting: https://cov-lineages.org/constellations.html .)

Many variants are functionally the same as others, since a genetic change may not change the protein, and because some protein changes do not alter the functionality of the virus.  Those in bold are the 10 identified by the WHO as variants of interest or concern on 2021-06-09.  Those in grey bold were no longer on the WHO list on 2021-07-19, and those in red bold were on the list on this date, but not earlier.

A A.1 A.2 A.2.1  A.2.2  A.2.3  A.2.4  A.2.5  A.2.5.1  A.2.5.2  A.3    A.4     A.5  A.6  A.7  A.8  A.9  A.10  A.11  A.12  A.13  A.14  A.15  A.16  A.17  A.18  A.19  A.20  A.21  A.22  A.23  A.23.1  A.24  A.25  A.26  A.27  A.28  A.29  AA.1  AA.2  AA.3  AA.4  AA.5  AA.6  AA.7  AA.8  AB.1  AC.1  AD.1  AD.2  AD.2.1  AE.1  AE.2  AE.3  AE.4  AE.5  AE.6  AE.7  AE.8  AF.1  AG.1  AH.1  AH.2  AH.3  AJ.1  AK.1  AK.2  AL.1  AM.1  AM.2  AM.3  AM.4  AN.1  AP.1  AQ.1  AQ.2  AS.1  AS.2  AT.1  AU.1  AU.2  AU.3  AV.1  B     B.1  B.1.1  B.1.1.1  B.1.1.2  B.1.1.3  B.1.1.4  B.1.1.5  B.1.1.6  B.1.1.7 Alpha  B.1.1.8  B.1.1.10  B.1.1.12  B.1.1.13  B.1.1.14  B.1.1.15  B.1.1.16  B.1.1.17  B.1.1.20  B.1.1.25  B.1.1.26  B.1.1.27  B.1.1.28  B.1.1.29  B.1.1.30  B.1.1.31  B.1.1.32  B.1.1.33  B.1.1.34  B.1.1.35  B.1.1.36  B.1.1.37  B.1.1.38  B.1.1.39  B.1.1.40  B.1.1.41  B.1.1.43  B.1.1.44  B.1.1.45  B.1.1.46  B.1.1.47  B.1.1.48  B.1.1.49  B.1.1.50  B.1.1.51  B.1.1.52  B.1.1.53  B.1.1.54  B.1.1.55  B.1.1.56  B.1.1.57  B.1.1.58  B.1.1.59  B.1.1.60  B.1.1.61  B.1.1.62  B.1.1.63  B.1.1.64  B.1.1.65  B.1.1.66  B.1.1.67  B.1.1.70  B.1.1.71  B.1.1.72  B.1.1.73  B.1.1.74  B.1.1.75  B.1.1.76  B.1.1.77  B.1.1.78  B.1.1.79  B.1.1.80  B.1.1.81  B.1.1.82  B.1.1.83  B.1.1.84  B.1.1.85  B.1.1.86  B.1.1.87  B.1.1.88  B.1.1.89  B.1.1.90  B.1.1.91  B.1.1.92  B.1.1.93  B.1.1.94  B.1.1.95  B.1.1.96  B.1.1.97  B.1.1.98  B.1.1.99  B.1.1.100  B.1.1.101  B.1.1.102  B.1.1.103  B.1.1.104  B.1.1.105  B.1.1.106  B.1.1.107  B.1.1.108  B.1.1.109  B.1.1.110  B.1.1.111  B.1.1.112  B.1.1.113  B.1.1.114  B.1.1.115  B.1.1.116  B.1.1.117  B.1.1.118  B.1.1.119  B.1.1.120  B.1.1.121  B.1.1.122  B.1.1.123  B.1.1.124  B.1.1.125  B.1.1.126  B.1.1.127  B.1.1.128  B.1.1.129  B.1.1.130  B.1.1.131  B.1.1.132  B.1.1.133  B.1.1.134  B.1.1.135  B.1.1.136  B.1.1.137  B.1.1.138  B.1.1.139  B.1.1.140  B.1.1.141  B.1.1.142  B.1.1.143  B.1.1.144  B.1.1.145  B.1.1.146  B.1.1.147  B.1.1.148  B.1.1.149  B.1.1.150  B.1.1.151  B.1.1.152  B.1.1.153  B.1.1.154  B.1.1.155  B.1.1.156  B.1.1.157  B.1.1.158  B.1.1.159  B.1.1.160  B.1.1.161  B.1.1.162  B.1.1.163  B.1.1.164  B.1.1.165  B.1.1.166  B.1.1.167  B.1.1.168  B.1.1.169  B.1.1.170  B.1.1.171  B.1.1.172  B.1.1.173  B.1.1.174  B.1.1.175  B.1.1.176  B.1.1.177  B.1.1.178  B.1.1.179  B.1.1.180  B.1.1.181  B.1.1.182  B.1.1.183  B.1.1.184  B.1.1.185  B.1.1.186  B.1.1.187  B.1.1.189  B.1.1.190  B.1.1.191  B.1.1.192  B.1.1.193  B.1.1.194  B.1.1.195  B.1.1.196  B.1.1.197  B.1.1.198  B.1.1.199  B.1.1.200  B.1.1.201  B.1.1.202  B.1.1.203  B.1.1.204  B.1.1.205  B.1.1.206  B.1.1.207  B.1.1.208  B.1.1.209  B.1.1.210  B.1.1.211  B.1.1.212  B.1.1.213  B.1.1.214  B.1.1.215  B.1.1.216  B.1.1.217  B.1.1.218  B.1.1.219  B.1.1.220  B.1.1.221  B.1.1.222  B.1.1.223  B.1.1.224  B.1.1.225  B.1.1.226  B.1.1.227  B.1.1.231  B.1.1.232  B.1.1.233  B.1.1.234  B.1.1.235  B.1.1.236  B.1.1.237  B.1.1.238  B.1.1.239  B.1.1.240  B.1.1.241  B.1.1.242  B.1.1.243  B.1.1.244  B.1.1.245  B.1.1.246  B.1.1.247  B.1.1.248  B.1.1.249  B.1.1.250  B.1.1.251  B.1.1.252  B.1.1.253  B.1.1.254  B.1.1.255  B.1.1.256  B.1.1.257  B.1.1.258  B.1.1.259  B.1.1.260  B.1.1.261  B.1.1.262  B.1.1.263  B.1.1.264  B.1.1.265  B.1.1.266  B.1.1.267  B.1.1.268  B.1.1.269  B.1.1.270  B.1.1.271  B.1.1.272  B.1.1.273  B.1.1.274  B.1.1.275  B.1.1.276  B.1.1.277  B.1.1.278  B.1.1.279  B.1.1.280  B.1.1.281  B.1.1.282  B.1.1.283  B.1.1.284  B.1.1.285  B.1.1.286  B.1.1.287  B.1.1.288  B.1.1.289  B.1.1.290  B.1.1.291  B.1.1.292  B.1.1.293  B.1.1.294  B.1.1.295  B.1.1.296  B.1.1.297  B.1.1.298  B.1.1.299  B.1.1.300  B.1.1.301  B.1.1.302  B.1.1.303  B.1.1.304  B.1.1.305  B.1.1.306  B.1.1.307  B.1.1.308  B.1.1.309  B.1.1.310  B.1.1.311  B.1.1.312  B.1.1.313  B.1.1.314  B.1.1.315  B.1.1.316  B.1.1.317  B.1.1.318  B.1.1.319  B.1.1.320  B.1.1.322  B.1.1.323  B.1.1.324  B.1.1.325  B.1.1.326  B.1.1.327  B.1.1.328  B.1.1.329  B.1.1.330  B.1.1.331  B.1.1.332  B.1.1.333  B.1.1.334  B.1.1.335  B.1.1.336  B.1.1.337  B.1.1.338  B.1.1.339  B.1.1.340  B.1.1.341  B.1.1.342  B.1.1.343  B.1.1.344  B.1.1.345  B.1.1.346  B.1.1.347  B.1.1.348  B.1.1.349  B.1.1.350  B.1.1.351  B.1.1.352  B.1.1.353  B.1.1.354  B.1.1.355  B.1.1.356  B.1.1.357  B.1.1.358  B.1.1.359  B.1.1.360  B.1.1.361  B.1.1.362  B.1.1.363  B.1.1.364  B.1.1.365  B.1.1.366  B.1.1.367  B.1.1.368  B.1.1.369  B.1.1.370  B.1.1.371  B.1.1.372  B.1.1.373  B.1.1.374  B.1.1.375  B.1.1.376  B.1.1.377  B.1.1.378  B.1.1.379  B.1.1.380  B.1.1.381  B.1.1.382  B.1.1.383  B.1.1.384  B.1.1.385  B.1.1.386  B.1.1.387  B.1.1.388  B.1.1.389  B.1.1.391  B.1.1.392  B.1.1.393  B.1.1.394  B.1.1.395  B.1.1.396  B.1.1.397  B.1.1.398  B.1.1.399  B.1.1.400  B.1.1.401  B.1.1.402  B.1.1.403  B.1.1.404  B.1.1.405  B.1.1.406  B.1.1.407  B.1.1.408  B.1.1.409  B.1.1.410  B.1.1.411  B.1.1.412  B.1.1.413  B.1.1.414  B.1.1.415  B.1.1.416  B.1.1.417  B.1.1.418  B.1.1.419  B.1.1.420  B.1.1.421  B.1.1.422  B.1.1.423  B.1.1.424  B.1.1.425  B.1.1.426  B.1.1.427  B.1.1.428  B.1.1.429  B.1.1.430  B.1.1.431  B.1.1.432  B.1.1.433  B.1.1.434  B.1.1.435  B.1.1.436  B.1.1.437  B.1.1.438  B.1.1.439  B.1.1.440  B.1.1.441  B.1.1.442  B.1.1.444  B.1.1.445  B.1.1.446  B.1.1.447  B.1.1.448  B.1.1.449  B.1.1.450  B.1.1.451  B.1.1.452  B.1.1.453  B.1.1.456  B.1.1.458  B.1.1.459  B.1.1.461  B.1.1.462  B.1.1.463  B.1.1.464  B.1.1.465  B.1.1.466  B.1.1.467  B.1.1.480  B.1.1.481  B.1.1.482  B.1.1.483  B.1.1.484  B.1.1.485  B.1.1.486  B.1.1.487  B.1.1.500  B.1.1.506  B.1.1.507  B.1.1.512  B.1.1.513  B.1.1.514  B.1.1.515  B.1.1.516  B.1.1.517  B.1.1.518  B.1.1.519  B.1.1.521  B.1.1.522  B.1.1.523  B.1.2  B.1.3  B.1.3.1  B.1.3.2  B.1.3.3  B.1.3.4  B.1.5  B.1.5.2  B.1.5.5  B.1.5.6  B.1.5.11  B.1.5.12  B.1.5.13  B.1.5.15  B.1.5.16  B.1.5.17  B.1.5.18  B.1.5.19  B.1.5.21  B.1.5.25  B.1.5.26  B.1.5.27  B.1.5.28  B.1.5.29  B.1.5.30  B.1.5.31  B.1.5.32  B.1.5.33  B.1.5.34  B.1.5.35  B.1.5.36  B.1.6  B.1.8  B.1.8.2  B.1.9  B.1.9.1  B.1.9.2  B.1.9.3  B.1.9.4  B.1.9.5  B.1.9.6  B.1.11  B.1.12  B.1.13  B.1.14  B.1.19  B.1.21  B.1.22  B.1.22.1  B.1.23  B.1.25  B.1.26  B.1.34  B.1.35  B.1.36  B.1.36.1  B.1.36.2  B.1.36.3  B.1.36.4  B.1.36.5  B.1.36.6  B.1.36.7  B.1.36.8  B.1.36.9  B.1.36.10  B.1.36.11  B.1.36.12  B.1.36.13  B.1.36.14  B.1.36.15  B.1.36.16  B.1.36.17  B.1.36.17.1  B.1.36.18  B.1.36.19  B.1.36.20  B.1.36.21  B.1.36.23  B.1.36.24  B.1.36.25  B.1.36.26  B.1.36.27  B.1.36.28  B.1.36.29  B.1.36.31  B.1.36.33  B.1.36.34  B.1.36.35  B.1.36.36  B.1.36.37  B.1.36.38  B.1.36.39  B.1.37  B.1.38  B.1.39  B.1.40  B.1.44  B.1.67  B.1.69  B.1.70  B.1.74  B.1.75  B.1.76  B.1.77  B.1.78  B.1.79  B.1.80  B.1.81  B.1.82  B.1.83  B.1.84  B.1.88  B.1.89  B.1.90  B.1.91  B.1.93  B.1.94  B.1.95  B.1.96  B.1.97  B.1.98  B.1.102  B.1.103  B.1.104  B.1.105  B.1.106  B.1.107  B.1.108  B.1.109  B.1.110  B.1.110.1  B.1.110.2  B.1.110.3  B.1.111  B.1.112  B.1.113  B.1.114  B.1.115  B.1.116  B.1.117  B.1.118  B.1.119  B.1.120  B.1.124  B.1.126  B.1.127  B.1.128  B.1.131  B.1.133  B.1.134  B.1.135  B.1.136  B.1.137  B.1.138  B.1.139  B.1.140  B.1.141  B.1.142  B.1.143  B.1.144  B.1.145  B.1.146  B.1.147  B.1.149  B.1.150  B.1.151  B.1.152  B.1.153  B.1.154  B.1.156  B.1.157  B.1.158  B.1.159  B.1.160  B.1.160.1  B.1.160.2  B.1.160.3  B.1.160.4  B.1.160.5  B.1.160.6  B.1.160.7  B.1.160.8  B.1.160.9  B.1.160.10  B.1.160.11  B.1.160.12  B.1.160.13  B.1.160.14  B.1.160.15  B.1.160.16  B.1.160.17  B.1.160.18  B.1.160.19  B.1.160.20  B.1.160.21  B.1.160.22  B.1.160.23  B.1.160.24  B.1.160.25  B.1.160.26  B.1.160.27  B.1.160.28  B.1.160.29  B.1.160.30  B.1.160.31  B.1.160.32  B.1.160.33  B.1.161  B.1.162  B.1.163  B.1.164  B.1.165  B.1.166  B.1.167  B.1.168  B.1.169  B.1.170  B.1.173  B.1.177  B.1.177.1  B.1.177.2  B.1.177.3  B.1.177.4  B.1.177.5  B.1.177.6  B.1.177.7  B.1.177.8  B.1.177.9  B.1.177.10  B.1.177.11  B.1.177.12  B.1.177.13  B.1.177.14  B.1.177.15  B.1.177.16  B.1.177.17  B.1.177.18  B.1.177.19  B.1.177.20  B.1.177.21  B.1.177.22  B.1.177.23  B.1.177.24  B.1.177.25  B.1.177.26  B.1.177.27  B.1.177.28  B.1.177.29  B.1.177.30  B.1.177.31  B.1.177.32  B.1.177.33  B.1.177.34  B.1.177.35  B.1.177.36  B.1.177.37  B.1.177.38  B.1.177.39  B.1.177.40  B.1.177.41  B.1.177.42  B.1.177.43  B.1.177.44  B.1.177.45  B.1.177.46  B.1.177.47  B.1.177.48  B.1.177.49  B.1.177.50  B.1.177.51  B.1.177.52  B.1.177.53  B.1.177.54  B.1.177.55  B.1.177.56  B.1.177.57  B.1.177.58  B.1.177.59  B.1.177.60  B.1.177.61  B.1.177.62  B.1.177.63  B.1.177.64  B.1.177.65  B.1.177.66  B.1.177.67  B.1.177.68  B.1.177.69  B.1.177.70  B.1.177.71  B.1.177.72  B.1.177.73  B.1.177.74  B.1.177.75  B.1.177.76  B.1.177.77  B.1.177.78  B.1.177.79  B.1.177.80  B.1.177.81  B.1.177.82  B.1.177.83  B.1.177.84  B.1.177.85  B.1.177.86  B.1.177.87  B.1.177.88  B.1.177.89  B.1.178  B.1.179  B.1.180  B.1.181  B.1.182  B.1.183  B.1.184  B.1.185  B.1.186  B.1.187  B.1.188  B.1.189  B.1.190  B.1.191  B.1.192  B.1.193  B.1.194  B.1.195  B.1.196  B.1.197  B.1.198  B.1.199  B.1.200  B.1.201  B.1.202  B.1.203  B.1.204  B.1.205  B.1.206  B.1.207  B.1.208  B.1.209  B.1.210  B.1.211  B.1.212  B.1.213  B.1.214  B.1.214.1  B.1.214.2  B.1.214.3  B.1.214.4  B.1.215  B.1.216  B.1.217  B.1.218  B.1.219  B.1.220  B.1.221  B.1.221.1  B.1.221.2  B.1.221.3  B.1.221.4  B.1.222  B.1.223  B.1.224  B.1.225  B.1.226  B.1.227  B.1.228  B.1.229  B.1.230  B.1.232  B.1.233  B.1.234  B.1.235  B.1.236  B.1.237  B.1.238  B.1.239  B.1.240  B.1.240.1  B.1.240.2  B.1.241  B.1.242  B.1.243  B.1.243.1  B.1.244  B.1.245  B.1.246  B.1.247  B.1.248  B.1.249  B.1.250  B.1.251  B.1.252  B.1.253  B.1.254  B.1.255  B.1.256  B.1.257  B.1.258  B.1.258.1  B.1.258.2  B.1.258.3  B.1.258.4  B.1.258.5  B.1.258.6  B.1.258.7  B.1.258.8  B.1.258.9  B.1.258.10  B.1.258.11  B.1.258.12  B.1.258.13  B.1.258.14  B.1.258.15  B.1.258.16  B.1.258.17  B.1.258.18  B.1.258.19  B.1.258.20  B.1.258.21  B.1.258.22  B.1.258.23  B.1.258.24  B.1.259  B.1.260  B.1.261  B.1.262  B.1.263  B.1.264  B.1.264.1  B.1.265  B.1.266  B.1.267  B.1.268  B.1.269  B.1.270  B.1.271  B.1.272  B.1.273  B.1.274  B.1.275  B.1.276  B.1.277  B.1.278  B.1.279  B.1.280  B.1.281  B.1.282  B.1.283  B.1.284  B.1.285  B.1.286  B.1.287  B.1.288  B.1.289  B.1.290  B.1.291  B.1.292  B.1.293  B.1.294  B.1.295  B.1.296  B.1.297  B.1.297.1  B.1.298  B.1.299  B.1.300  B.1.301  B.1.302  B.1.303  B.1.304  B.1.305  B.1.306  B.1.307  B.1.308  B.1.309  B.1.310  B.1.311  B.1.312  B.1.313  B.1.314  B.1.315  B.1.316  B.1.317  B.1.318  B.1.319  B.1.320  B.1.321  B.1.322  B.1.323  B.1.324  B.1.325  B.1.326  B.1.327  B.1.328  B.1.329  B.1.330  B.1.331  B.1.332  B.1.333  B.1.333.1  B.1.334  B.1.335  B.1.336  B.1.337  B.1.338  B.1.339  B.1.340  B.1.341  B.1.342  B.1.343  B.1.344  B.1.345  B.1.346  B.1.347  B.1.348  B.1.349  B.1.350  B.1.350.1  B.1.351 Beta  B.1.351.1  B.1.351.2  B.1.351.3  B.1.352  B.1.353  B.1.355  B.1.356  B.1.357  B.1.358  B.1.359  B.1.360  B.1.361  B.1.362  B.1.362.1  B.1.362.2  B.1.363  B.1.364  B.1.365  B.1.366  B.1.367  B.1.368  B.1.369  B.1.369.1  B.1.370  B.1.371  B.1.372  B.1.373  B.1.374  B.1.374.1  B.1.375  B.1.376  B.1.377  B.1.378  B.1.379  B.1.380  B.1.381  B.1.382  B.1.383  B.1.384  B.1.385  B.1.386  B.1.387  B.1.388  B.1.389  B.1.390  B.1.391  B.1.392  B.1.393  B.1.394  B.1.395  B.1.396  B.1.397  B.1.398  B.1.399  B.1.400  B.1.401  B.1.402  B.1.403  B.1.404  B.1.405  B.1.406  B.1.407  B.1.408  B.1.409  B.1.410  B.1.411  B.1.412  B.1.413  B.1.414  B.1.415  B.1.416  B.1.416.1  B.1.417  B.1.418  B.1.419  B.1.420  B.1.421  B.1.422  B.1.423  B.1.424  B.1.425  B.1.426  B.1.427/B.1.429 Epsilon  B.1.428  B.1.428.1  B.1.428.2  B.1.428.3    B.1.429.1  B.1.431  B.1.432  B.1.433  B.1.434  B.1.435  B.1.436  B.1.437  B.1.438  B.1.438.1  B.1.438.2  B.1.438.3  B.1.438.4  B.1.439  B.1.440  B.1.441  B.1.442  B.1.443  B.1.444  B.1.445  B.1.446  B.1.447  B.1.448  B.1.449  B.1.450  B.1.451  B.1.452  B.1.453  B.1.454  B.1.455  B.1.456  B.1.457  B.1.457.1  B.1.458  B.1.459  B.1.460  B.1.461  B.1.462  B.1.463  B.1.464  B.1.465  B.1.466  B.1.466.1  B.1.466.2  B.1.467  B.1.468  B.1.469  B.1.470  B.1.471  B.1.472  B.1.473  B.1.474  B.1.475  B.1.476  B.1.477  B.1.478  B.1.479  B.1.480  B.1.481  B.1.482  B.1.483  B.1.484  B.1.485  B.1.486  B.1.487  B.1.488  B.1.489  B.1.490  B.1.491  B.1.492  B.1.493  B.1.494  B.1.495  B.1.496  B.1.497  B.1.498  B.1.499  B.1.499.1  B.1.500  B.1.501  B.1.502  B.1.503  B.1.504  B.1.505  B.1.506  B.1.507  B.1.508  B.1.509  B.1.510  B.1.511  B.1.512  B.1.513  B.1.514  B.1.515  B.1.516  B.1.517  B.1.517.1  B.1.518  B.1.519  B.1.520  B.1.521  B.1.523  B.1.524  B.1.525 Eta  B.1.526 Iota  B.1.526.1  B.1.526.2  B.1.526.3  B.1.527  B.1.528  B.1.529  B.1.530  B.1.531  B.1.532  B.1.533  B.1.534  B.1.535  B.1.536  B.1.537  B.1.538  B.1.539  B.1.540  B.1.541  B.1.542  B.1.543  B.1.544  B.1.545  B.1.546  B.1.547  B.1.548  B.1.549  B.1.550  B.1.551  B.1.552  B.1.554  B.1.555  B.1.556  B.1.557  B.1.558  B.1.559  B.1.560  B.1.561  B.1.562  B.1.563  B.1.564  B.1.564.1  B.1.565  B.1.566  B.1.567  B.1.568  B.1.569  B.1.570  B.1.571  B.1.572  B.1.573  B.1.574  B.1.575  B.1.575.1  B.1.576  B.1.577  B.1.578  B.1.579  B.1.580  B.1.581  B.1.582  B.1.585  B.1.586  B.1.587  B.1.588  B.1.588.1  B.1.589  B.1.590  B.1.591  B.1.592  B.1.593  B.1.594  B.1.595  B.1.595.1  B.1.595.2  B.1.595.3  B.1.595.4  B.1.596  B.1.596.1  B.1.597  B.1.598  B.1.599  B.1.600  B.1.601  B.1.602  B.1.603  B.1.604  B.1.605  B.1.606  B.1.607  B.1.609  B.1.610  B.1.611  B.1.612  B.1.613  B.1.614  B.1.615  B.1.616  B.1.617  B.1.617.1 Kappa  B.1.617.2 Delta  B.1.617.3  B.1.618  B.1.619  B.1.620  B.1.621  B.1.622  B.1.623  B.2.1  B.2.6  B.2.10  B.2.11  B.2.12  B.3  B.3.1  B.4  B.4.1  B.4.2  B.4.4  B.4.5  B.4.6  B.4.7  B.4.8  B.5 B.6  B.6.1  B.6.2  B.6.3  B.6.4  B.6.5  B.6.6  B.6.7  B.6.8  B.10  B.11  B.12  B.13  B.14  B.15  B.18  B.19  B.20  B.23  B.26  B.27  B.28  B.29  B.30  B.31  B.32  B.33  B.34  B.35  B.36  B.37  B.38  B.39  B.40  B.41  B.42  B.43  B.44  B.45  B.46  B.47  B.48  B.49  B.50  B.51  B.52  B.53  B.54  B.55  B.56  B.57  B.58  B.59  B.60  B.61  C.1  C.1.1  C.2  C.2.1  C.3  C.4  C.5  C.6  C.7  C.8  C.9  C.10  C.11  C.12  C.13  C.14  C.15  C.16  C.17  C.18  C.19  C.20  C.21  C.22  C.23  C.25  C.26  C.27  C.28  C.29  C.30  C.30.1  C.31  C.32  C.33  C.34  C.35  C.36  C.36.1  C.36.2  C.37 Lamda  D.2  D.3  D.4  D.5  E.1  F.1  G.1  H.1  I.1  J.1  K.1  K.2  K.3  L.1  L.2  L.3  L.4  M.1  M.2  M.3  N.1  N.2  N.3  N.4  N.5  N.6  N.7  N.8  N.9   N.10  P.1 Gamma  P.1.1  P.1.2  P.2 Zeta  P.3 Theta  R.1  R.2  S.1  U.1  U.2  U.3  V.1  V.2  W.1  W.2  W.3  W.4  XA  Y.1  Z.1

So much for THE virus.

Humans are capable of extraordinary complex, well-coordinated, technical feats, such as all this analysis and global collection of genetic data.   Yet we are collectively so far incapable of getting sufficient 25OHD to the immune cells of most people.

#99-barc

(Low-key) Oristrell et al. 2021: Barcelona Vitamin D3 and calcifediol supplementation study

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